SportLogia
          Vol. 10, Issue 2, December 2014.
      
Support of Science for Political Decisions about Physical Education in Slovenia
        Gregor  Jurak1, Marjeta Kovač1, Gregor Starc1, and  Janko Strel1
        1Faculty of  Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
        Editorial article
        OWERVIEV PAPER
        doi:  10.5550/sgia.141002.en.002J
UDK:  371.3:796(497.4)  
Summary
        The  changes in Physical Education (PE) curriculum, amount of PE lessons, number of  students in class, improvement in class environment, amount and competency of  PE teachers and increase of extra-curricular and out-of school sport programmes  have effects on physical fitness of young people. It is very important to have  special concern about this factors/systematic measures in public schools to  ensure more equal opportunities for each child
        Key words: physical  fitness, Slovenia, young people.
        References
        
Armstrong,  N. (2007). Physical fitness and physical activity patterns of European youth.  In W. D. Brettschneider & R. Naul (Eds.), Obesity in Europe: young  people's physical activity and sedentary lifestyles (pp. 27–56). Frankfurt  am Main, Germany: Peter Lang.
        Bailey,  R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: a review of benefits and  outcomes. J Sch Health, 76(8), 397–401. doi:  10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x![]()
        Brettschneider,  W., & Naul, R. (2004). Study on young people's lifestyle and  sedentariness and the role of sport in the context of education and as a means  of restoring the balance. Final report. Paderborn, Germany: EC,  Directorate-General for Education and Culture, Unit Sport.
        Currie,  C., Roberts, C., Morgan, A., Smith, R., Settertobulte, W., Samdal, O., &  Barnekow-Rasmussen, V. (2004). Young people’s health in context. Health  behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: international report from the  2001/2002 survey. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization Regional  Office for Europe. 
        De  la Cruz-Sanchez, E., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2010). An active lifestyle explains  sex differences in physical performance in children before puberty. Coll  Antropol, 34(2), 487–491.
        Ding,  D., Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Lee, S., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2011). Neighborhood  environment and physical activity among youth a review. Am J Prev Med, 41(4),  442–455. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.036![]()
        Fairclough,  S., & Stratton, G. (2005). 'Physical education makes you fit and healthy'.  Physical education's contribution to young people's physical activity levels. Health  Educ Res, 20(1), 14–23. doi: 10.1093/her/cyg101![]()
        Ferreira,  I., van der Horst, K., Wendel-Vos, W., Kremers, S., van Lenthe, F. J., &  Brug, J. (2007). Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth - a  review and update. Obes Rev, 8(2), 129–154. 
        doi:  10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00264.x![]()
        Froberg,  K., & Andersen, L. B. (2010). The importance of physical activity for  childhood health. M. Kovač and G. Jurak (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth  International Congress Youth Sport 2010 (pp. 41–46). Retrieved from  http://www.youthsport2010.si/images/stories/SM2010/proceedings1.pdf
        Gabrijelčič  Blenkuš, M. (2001). Some nutritional habits of secondary-school students in  Ljubljana with an emphasis on differences between genders. Slovenian Journal  of Public Health, 40(Suppl), 135–143.
        Gallahue,  D. L., & Ozmun, J. (1998). Understanding motor development: Infants,  children, adolescents, adults. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
        Jurak,  G. (2006). Sports vs. the ”cigarettes & coffee” lifestyle of Slovenian high  school students. Anthropological Notebooks, 12(2), 79–95.
        Jurak,  G., Cooper, A., Leskošek, B., Kovač, M. (2013). Long-term effects of 4-year  longitudinal school-based physical activity intervention on the physical  fitness of children and youth during 7-year follow-up assessment. Central  european journal of public health, 21(4), 190–195.
        Jurak,  G., Kolar, E., Kovač, M., Bednarik, J., Štrumbelj, B., & Kolenc, M. (2010).  Proposal of National programme of sport in Republic of Slovenia 2011-2020. Šport, 58(1-2), 133–172.
        Jurak,  G., & Kovač, M. (2011a). Frequency and characteristics of excuses given by  students attending special sports classes of secondary school to avoid  participating in physical education class. Slovenian Journal of Public Health, 50(2), 95–105. doi: 10.2478/v10152-010-0032-7![]()
        Jurak,  G., & Kovač, M. (2011b). Opravičevanje med poukom športne vzgoje v osnovni  šoli [Adopting the teaching of physical education in elementary school]. Didactica  Slovenica, 26(4), 18–31.
        Jurak,  G., Kovač, M., & Strel, J. (2002a). How Slovene primary school pupils spend  their summer holidays. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 8(2), 35–43.
        Jurak,  G., Kovač, M., & Strel, J. (2002b). Spending of summer holidays of  Slovenian secondary school children. Acta Universitatis Carolinae  Kinanthropologica, 38(1), 51–66.
        Jurak,  G., Kovač, M., & Strel, J. (2011c). Influence of the Enhanced Physical  Education Curriculum on the Physical Fitness of Children. Croatian Journal  of Education, 13(4), 41–59, 60–70.
        Jurak,  G., Kovač, M., Strel, J., Starc, G., Majerič, M., Filipčič, T., & Bednarik,  J. (2003). Sports activities of Slovenian children and young people during  their summer holidays. Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana,  Faculty of Sport.
        Jurak,  G., Kovač, M., Strel, J., Starc, G., Žagar, D., & Cecić Erpič, S. (2005). Športno  nadarjeni otroci in mladina v slovenskem šolskem sistemu [Sports talented  children and youth in Slovenian educational system]. Koper, Slovenia: Annales,  Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper.
        Jurak,  G., Radisavljević Janić, S., Milanović, I., Strel, J., Leskošek, B., &  Kovač, M. (2011). The comparison of physical fitness of 13-year-old students  from Ljubljana and Belgrade. I. Prsaklo and D. Novak (Eds.), Proceedings of  International Congress “Tjelesna i zdravstvena kultura u 21. stoljeću -  kompetencije učenika”. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski kineziološki savez
        Jurak,  G., Sorić, M., Starc, G., Kovač, M., Mišigoj-Duraković, M., ... Strel, J.  (2014). School day and weekend patterns of physical activity in urban  11-year-olds: A cross-cultural comparison. American Journal of Human Biology,  9/2014 (in print). 
        Jurak,  G., Strel, J., Kovač, M., Bednarik, J., Filipčič, T., Leskošek, B., ...  Majerič, M. (2011). Analyses of school sport infrastructure. Partial  report. Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport.
        Kovač,  M., Jurak, G., Starc, G., & Strel, J. (2007). Šport in življenjski slogi  slovenskih otrok in mladine. [Sport and lifestyles of Slovenian children  and youth] Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport.
        Kovač,  M., Sloan, S., & Starc, G. (2008). Competencies in physical education  teaching: Slovenian teachers‘ view and future perspectives. European  Physical Education Review, 14(3), 299–323. doi:  10.1177/1356336X08095668![]()
        Kovač,  M., & Strel, J. (2000). The relations between intelligence and manifest  motor space. Kinesiology, 32(1), 15–25.
        Leskošek,  B., Kovač, M., & Strel, J. (2007). A comparison of the physical  characteristics and motor abilities of boys and girls attending different  high-school programmes. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Kinanthropologica, 42(2),  85–101.
        Lobstein,  T., & Frelut, M. L. (2003). Prevalence of overweight among children in  Europe. Obes Rev, 4(4), 195–200. 
        doi: 10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00116.x![]()
        Malina,  R. M. (2007). Physical fitness of children and adolescents in the United  States: status and secular change. Med Sport Sci, 50, 67–90. doi:  10.1159/000101076![]()
        Olds,  T. S., Ridley, K., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2007). Declines in aerobic fitness:  are they only due to increasing fatness? Med Sport Sci, 50, 226–240.
        Riddoch,  C. J, Bo Andersen, L., Wedderkopp, N., Harro, M., Klasson-Heggebo, L.,  Sardinha, L. B, ... Ekelund, U. (2004). Physical activity levels and patterns  of 9- and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(1),  86–92. 
        doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000106174.43932.92![]()
        Rushkoff,  D. (2006). Screenagers. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
        Sallis,  J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of  physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(5),  963–975. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014![]()
        Sibley,  B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity  and cognition in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3),  243–256.
        Sorić,  M., Starc, G., Borer, K., Jurak, G., Kovač, M., Strel, J., &  Mišigoj-Duraković, M. (2014). Associations of objectively assessed sleep and  physical activity in 11-year old children. Annals of human biology, 41(3),  1–7. 
        doi: 10.3109/03014460.2014.928367![]()
        Starc,  G., Kovač, M., Jurak, G., Dremelj, S., Kovač, P., & Mišigoj Duraković, M.  (2011). Daily energy intake, physical activity and physical fitness levels and  some eating habits of 11-year-old students. In D. Milanović and G. Sporiš  (Eds.), Proceedings of 6th International Scientific Conference on  Kinesiology (pp. 131). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Kinesiology, University  of Zagreb.
        Starc,  G., & Strel, J. (2011). Tracking excess weight and obesity from childhood  to young adulthood: a 12-year prospective cohort study in Slovenia. Public  Health Nutr, 14(1), 49–55. doi: 10.1017/S1368980010000741![]()
        Starc,  G., Strel, J., & Kovač, M. (2010). Telesni in gibalni razvoj slovenskih  otrok in mladine v številkah. Šolsko leto 2009/10. [Physical and motor  development of Slovenian children and youth in figures. 2009/10 academic year]  Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport.
        Strel,  J. (1997). Sports Educational Chart. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ministry of  Education and Sport.
        Strel,  J., Kovač, M., & Jurak, G. (2007). Physical and motor development, sport  activities and lifestyles of Slovenian children and youth – changes in the last  few decades In W. D. Brettschneider and R. Naul (Eds.), Obesity in Europe:  young people's physical activity and sedentary lifestyles (pp. 243–264).  Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang.
        Strong,  W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin,  B., ... Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age  youth. J Pediatr, 146(6), 732–737. doi:  10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055![]()
        Statistični  Urad Republike Slovenie [SURS]. (2011).  Primary  school education in Slovenia at the end of academic year 2009/10 and in the  beginning of 2010/11 academic year. Ljubljana, Slovenia: SURS. 
        Tomkinson,  G. R., & Olds, T. S. (2007). Secular changes in pediatric aerobic fitness  test performance: the global picture. Med Sport Sci, 50, 46–66. doi:  10.1159/000101075![]()
        Tomkinson,  G. R., Olds, T. S., & Borms, J. (2007). Who are the Eurofittest? Med  Sport Sci, 50, 104–128. 
        doi: 10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-01396-2
; doi:  10.1159/000101355![]()
        Tomporowski,  P. D. (2003). Cognitive and behavioural responses to acute exercise in youths:  A review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 348–359.
        Trudeau,  F., & Shephard, R. J. (2005). Contribution of school programmes to physical  activity levels and attitudes in children and adults. Sports Med, 35(2),  89–105. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535020-00001![]()




