SportLogia
Vol. 10, Issue 2, December 2014.
EXPLORING THE PERCEPTION OF SELF ESTEEM AMONG HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES
Dilsad Ahmed1, Marijana Mladenovic2, Walter King Yan Ho1, Ki-Cheon Lee3, and Babar Ali Khan4
1University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
2University Singidunum Belgrade, Serbia
3Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
4DCPE, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
doi: 10.5550/sgia.141002.en.004A
UDK: 796.01:159.9-057.874
Summary
The main purpose of this study was to explore the self esteem among high school athletes with regard to their participation in recreational and leisure activities and also to see the differences of self esteem level between both sexes (male and female). To achieve the study purpose, 250 (124 male and 126 female) adolescent athletes at the high school level were invited to participate in this survey. Their ages were ranged from 12 to 17 years. They were invited on the basis of their active participation in games and sports and also those who used to participate in various tournaments conducted by the District Sports Office, under the authority of Directorate of Sports, Assam. They were asked to indicate their perception of self esteem on their games and sports participation. The Principal Component analysis extraction and Varimax Rotation methods were adopted for analysis the 10 items in this survey. Three items showed low factor loading (< .50) after EFA. Description of the three items is “I feel that I have a number of good qualities”; “I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others”, and “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself”. Level of self esteem between male and female was found significantly different as it was hypothesized earlier. The results were further enhanced with Confirmatory factor analysis where the result of the Confirmatory factor analysis Model Fit Summary indicated: χ2 = 36.928 with df = 32 to be significant as CFI = .978, RMSEA = .025, GFI = .972, AGFI = .952, PGFI = .566, PCLOSE = .905.
Key words:adolescent, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, recreational and leisure activities, self esteem.
References
Bosscher, R. J. (1993). Running and mixed physical exercises with depressed psychiatric patients. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 170−184.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245−276.
Delaney, W., & Lee, C. (1995). Self-esteem and sex roles among male and female high school students: Their relationship to physical activity. Australian Psychologist, 30(2), 84−87. doi: 10.1080/00050069508258908
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 318−335.
Dworkin, J. B., Larson, R., & Hansen, D. (2003). Adolescents' accounts of growth experiences in youth activities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(1), 17−26. doi: 10.1023/A:1021076222321
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 865−889. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x
Finkenberg, M. E. (1990). Effect of participation in taekwondo on college women’s self-concept. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(3), 891−894.
doi: 10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.891
Finn, J. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59(2), 117−142.
doi: 10.3102/00346543059002117
Ford, H. T. Jr., Puckett, J. R., Reeve, T. G., & Lafavi, R. G. (1991). Effects of selected physical activities on global self-concept and body-cathexis scores. Psychological Reports, 68(3), 1339−1443. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3c.1339; doi: 10.2466/PR0.68.4.1339-1343
Freyer, K. W. (1997). The impact of team sports on the adolescent female. Unpublished Dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences 57 (7-A) p. 2854.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings. 4th ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hardy, C., & Crace, K. (2009). Dealing with precompetitive anxiety. Sport Psychology Training Bulletin, 3513–3517.
doi: 10.1080/10615809608249393
Holland, A., & Andre, T. (1994). The relationship of self-esteem to selected personal and environmental resources of adolescents. Adolescence, 29(114), 345–360. PMid: 8085486
Jaffee, L., & Ricker, S. (1993). Physical activity and self-esteem in girls: the teen years. Melpomene Journal, 12(3), 19–26.
Kalliopuska, M. (1987). Relation of empathy and self-esteem to active participation in Finnish baseball. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 107–113. doi: 10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.107
Leach, C., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M., Pennekamp, S., Doosje, B., ... Spears, R. (2008). Self-definition and self-investment: A multi component model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 144–165.
Marsh, H. W. (1986). Global self-esteem: its relation to specific facets of self-concept and their importance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1224–1236. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1224
Marsh, H. W. (1995). A Jamesian model of self-investment and self-esteem: comment on Pelham. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1151–1160. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1151
Marsh, H. W., Hey, J., Roche, L. A., & Perry, C. (1997). Structure of physical self-concept: elite athletes and physical education students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 369–380.
doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.369
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McDonald, R. P., & Marsh, H. W. (1990). Choosing a multivariate model: no centrality and goodness of fit. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 247–255. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.247
McNeal, R. B. Jr. (1995). Extracurricular activities and high school dropouts. Sociology of Education, 68(1), 62–81.
doi: 10.2307/2112764
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Melnick, M. J., & Mookerjee, S. (1991). Effects of advanced weight training on body-cathexis and self-esteem. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72(3), 1335–1345. doi: 10.2466/pms.1991.72.3c.1335.
doi: 10.2466/pms.1991.72.3c.1335
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedure issue and application. Thousand Oaks. CA.: Saga. PMid: 12880188
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
O’Brien, E., & Rollefson, M. (1995). Extracurricular participation and student engagement. Education Policy Issues: Statistical Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.askeric.org
Pascarella, E. T., & Smart, J. C. (1991). Impact of intercollegiate athletic participation for African American and Caucasian men: Some further evidence. Journal of College Student Development, 32(2), 123–130.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Sharma, S. (2007). Ethical foundations of new corporate model: Implications for strategy and leadership’. In A. Ghosh and G. Banerjee (Eds.), Proceedings of 10th International Annual Convention on Strategic Management for Firms in Developing Countries (pp. 242–245). New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd.
Spence, J. C., & Poon, P. (1997). Research Update: Results from the Alberta Schools Athletic Association Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/pdf/health-academic-achievement.pdf.
Steinberg, L. (1996). Beyond the classroom: Why school reform has failed and what parents need to do. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Tiggemann, M., & Williamson, S. (2000). The effect of exercise on body satisfaction and self-esteem as a function of gender and age. Sex Roles, 43(1-2), 119–127. doi: 10.1023/A:1007095830095
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometric, 38(1), 1–10. doi: 10.1007/BF02291170
Vealey, R. S. (1992). Personality and sport: A comprehensive view. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 25-60). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Velikić, D., Knežević, J., & Rodić, N. (2014). Relations of some personality traits and characteristics of sportsmen with the level of sports anxiety. SportLogia, 10(1), 35–43.
doi: 10.5550/sgia.141001.en.005V
Wilkins, J. A., Boland, F. J., & Albinson, J. (1988). A comparison of male and female university athletes and nonathletes on eating disorder indices: Are athletes protected? Journal of Sport Behavior, 14, 129–143.
Yeung, R. R., & Hemsley, D. R. (1997). Personality, exercise and psychological well-being: Static relationships in the community. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(1), 47-53. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00222-7
