SportLogia
          Vol. 16, Issue 1, december 2020.
      
EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION  OF OVERWEIGHT FEMALE; INSPIRING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO PRACTICE AND RECEIVE  MORE ADVANTAGEOUS WAY OF LIFE 
      
Razia  Nawaz1,  Wasim Khan1,  Ratko Pavlović2,  Tasleem Arif3 & Sardar  Nasir Sohail1
        1 Department of Sports  Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan
        2Faculty of Physical  Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
        3Department  of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Sarhad University of Science &  Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan      
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
        doi:10.5550/sgia.201601.en.nkpas
        UDC: 796.035-056.257 
Abstract
The purpose of this study aimed to look at  assessing the effects of aerobic exercise on body composition of overweight  female aging 22-27 years.A sample of n=30 (thirty) overweight female aging  22-27 years in District Tonsa (Punjab), Pakistan were included as subject. A  four (04) week exercise protocol was prepared and used among females of the  experimental group.
      
        The experimental group was subjected to measure  the anthropometric as well as 3- site skin fold measurements. The data  regarding pre and post-test of both groups-control and experimental were  carefully recorded and entered into the computer for analyses. For this  purpose, both descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential  statistics (Independent Samples t-Test and Paired Samples t-Test) were used for  analyzing the data. The analyzed data established that the mean score of (EG)  in pre and post-test were found as 28.66 and 23.5. The t-value of the table is  5.022 and P-value is 0.001 which is lower than the significant level  (P<0.05).
        Therefore, it is concluded that the difference  between Pre and Post-test of Control Group has shown the significant effects of  aerobic exercises on body fat percentage of overweight females. According to  the analyzed data the mean value of Post-tests regarding body fat percentage of  Control Group were 28.89 and Experimental Group was 23.5. The P-value 0.002 and  t-value -987 in the table depict the significant statistical difference between  the two means of Control and Experimental Group in Body Mass Index  (P<0.05).The results of the study indicated that the four weeks’ aerobic  exercise protocol has a significant effect on overweight females in the  perspective of decreasing their body fat percentage. Based on the findings, the  researcher recommended that more and more involved in physical activity and  exercise among female folk may be ensured.      
        Key words: Effect, aerobic exercise, body composition,  overweight, university students, advantageous life
        References
Agarwal, S. K.  (2012). Cardiovascular  benefits of exercise. International  journal of general medicine, 5, 541.
        https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S30113[CrossRef]
PMid:22807642 PMCid:PMC3396114
Bastien, M.,  Poirier, P., Lemieux, I., & Després, J. P. (2014). Overview of epidemiology  and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 56(4), 369-381.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.016[CrossRef]
        PMid:24438728 
Campos, P. F.  (2004). The obesity myth: Why America's obsession with weight is hazardous to  your health. Penguin.
        Ciolac, E. G.,  Guimarães, G. V., Bortolotto, L. A., Doria, E. L., &Bocchi, E. A. (2008).  Acute aerobic exercise reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure levels in  long-term-treated hypertensive patients. Clinics, 63(6), 753-758.
        https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322008000600008[CrossRef]
        PMid:19060996 PMCid:PMC2664274
Cousins, S. O.  B. (2000)." My Heart Couldn't Take It" Older Women's Beliefs About Exercise  Benefits and Risks. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological  Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(5), P283-P294.
        https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.5.P283[CrossRef]
        PMid:10985293 
Faigenbaum, A.  D., Chu, D. A., Paterno, M. V., & Myer, G. D. (2013).Responding to exercise  deficit disorder in youth: Integrating wellness care into pediatric physical  therapy. 
        Pediatric  physical therapy: the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the  American Physical Therapy Association, 25(1), 2.
        https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e31827a33f6[CrossRef]
        PMid:23288000 PMCid:PMC3538023
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2007). Study guide for research methods in the social sciences. Macmillan.
Halle, M., Berg,  A., Garwers, U., Baumstark, M. W., Knisel, W., Grathwohl, D., ... &Keul, J.  (1999). Influence of 4 weeks' intervention by exercise and diet on low-density  lipoprotein subfractions in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 48(5),  641-644.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90064-1[CrossRef]
Kang, H. S.,  Gutin, B., Barbeau, P., Owens, S., Lemmon, C. R., Allison, J., ...& Le, N.  A. (2002). Physical training improves insulin resistance syndrome markers in  obese adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(12),  1920-1927.
        https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200212000-00010[CrossRef]
        PMid:12471297 
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Lavie, C. J., De  Schutter, A., Parto, P., Jahangir, E., Kokkinos, P., Ortega, F. B.,  ...&Milani, R. V. (2016). Obesity and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases  and prognosis-the obesity paradox updated. Progress in cardiovascular diseases,  58(5), 537-547.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2016.01.008[CrossRef]
        PMid:26826295 
Look AHEAD  Research Group. (2016). Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes  in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in  overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the  Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology,  4(11), 913-921.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30162-0[CrossRef]
Lowry, R.,  Galuska, D. A., Fulton, J. E., Wechsler, H., Kann, L., & Collins, J. L.  (2000). Physical activity, food choice, and weight management goals and  practices among US college students. American journal of preventive medicine,  18(1), 18-27.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00107-5[CrossRef]
Mandviwala, T.,  Khalid, U., &Deswal, A. (2016). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a risk  factor or a risk marker?.Current atherosclerosis reports, 18(5), 21.
        https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-016-0575-4[CrossRef]
        PMid:26973130 
Mostert, S.,  & Kesselring, J. (2002).Effects of a short-term exercise training program  on aerobic fitness, fatigue, health perception and activity level of subjects  with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 8(2), 161-168.
        https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458502ms779oa[CrossRef]
        PMid:11990874 
Paladini, D.  (2009). Sonography in obese and overweight pregnant women: clinical,  medicolegal and technical issues. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology: The Official Journal of the International  Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 33(6), 720-729.
        https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.6393[CrossRef]
        PMid:19479683
Slentz, C. A., Aiken,  L. B., Houmard, J. A., Bales, C. W., Johnson, J. L., Tanner, C. J., ... &  Kraus, W. E. (2005). Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a  randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. Journal of applied physiology, 99(4), 1613-1618.
        https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2005[CrossRef]
        PMid:16002776 
Stathi, A., Fox, K. R., Withall, J., Bentley, G., & Thompson, J. L. (2014).Promoting physical activity in older adults: A guide for local decision makers. The Avon Network for the Promotion of Active Ageing in the Community. Bath: University of Bath.
Swain, D. P.,  & Franklin, B. A. (2006). Comparison of cardio-protective benefits of  vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The American journal of cardiology, 97(1), 141-147.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130[CrossRef]
        PMid:16377300 
https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0235[CrossRef]
PMid:23438219
To cite this article:
  Nawaz, R., Khan, W., Pavlović, R., Arif, T., &  Sohail, S.(2020) Effect of aerobic exercise on body composition of overweight  female; inspiring university students to practice and receive more advantageous  way of life. Sportlogia, 16 (1),  110-125.
  https://doi.org/10.5550/sgia.201601.en.nkpas
Received: 26.06.2020.
Accepted: 21.09.2020. 
Correspodence:
        Ratko  Pavlović, PhD.
        Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University  of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 
        Vuka Karadžića 30,
71126 Lukavica, BiH, +387 57 320 330, 
        E-mail:pavlovicratko@yahoo.com




